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Preparation of 2,5-anhydro di-(hydrido) di-phosphate di-hydrate Mannitol (Glucitol) from Banana Fruit Yields a Possible Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate Aldolase Inhibitor(s)
Jesus’ Christus,
Michael Arden Madson
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
1-5
Received:
26 January 2019
Accepted:
11 March 2019
Published:
12 January 2021
Abstract: With previously unknown chemistry, 2,5-anhydro di-(hydrido)-di-phosphate-di-hydrate mannitol (glucitol) has (have) been prepared by H- nucleophilic attack of neokestose-1,6-di-phosphate from commercial banana fruit. Negative ion mass spectrometry, Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), both ms and ms2, has been used to characterize the product of this reaction. NaBH4 in NH4OH (pH 11.4, IN) for 18 hours was used to convert the 1,6-di-phospho neokestose to the 2,5 anhydro derivative(s). This molecule(s) are structural analogues of the known inhibitors of fructose-1,6 bisphosphate aldolase. The known inhibitors are 2,5 anhydro mannitol and 2,5 anhydro glucitol. They have Kis in the range of 10-3 mM. It is expected that the di-(hydrido) di-phosphate di-hydrate 2,5 anhydro mannitol (glucitol), prepared here, may be tighter binding to fructose bisphosphate aldolase than the known non-phosphorylated inhibitors, because of their structural similarity to the substrate of the enzyme, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. If the prepared molecule(s) bind to fbp aldolase, their preparation from inexpensive banana fruit would lead to an inexpensive method for treating fast growing cancer cells. The low cost of making the molecule(s) would allow access to cancer treatment by destitute or low income people.
Abstract: With previously unknown chemistry, 2,5-anhydro di-(hydrido)-di-phosphate-di-hydrate mannitol (glucitol) has (have) been prepared by H- nucleophilic attack of neokestose-1,6-di-phosphate from commercial banana fruit. Negative ion mass spectrometry, Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), both ms and ms2, has been used to characterize the pro...
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Preparation of Possible P Selectin Inhibitor from Bovine Thyroglobulin, (Di-hydrido) Sulfo Hydrate 1, 5 Anhydro L-fucitol
Jesus Christus,
Michael Arden Madson
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
6-9
Received:
10 May 2019
Accepted:
10 June 2019
Published:
12 January 2021
Abstract: P selectin is known to mediate several disease states through the binding of epitopes on the surface of endothelial cells. These diseases include cancer, cancer metastasis and inflammation. Sulfo Lewis a is a sulfated oligosaccharide could bind P selectin. A possible novel inhibitor of P-selectin binding may attenuate these diseases. One possible inhibitor is prepared from bovine thyroglobulin in one step, with appropriate work-up, from a readily abundant source, bovine thyroid gland, via novel chemistry. That molecule is (di-hydrido) sulfo hydrate 1, 5 anhydro L-fucitol. This chemistry is known to occur for the preparation of 1, 5 anhydro oligosaccharides from K casein and bovine milk. Another example of this chemistry has also been prepared; the di-(hydrido) di-phosphate di-hydrate 2, 5 anhydro mannitol (glucitol) from an ethanol extract of banana fruit. The molecule, here, would be the first report of H- nucleophile attack of a non-phosphorylated glycoside. In addition to components of the O-linked oligosaccharide, to originate from bovine thyroglobulin requiring a tyrosine sulfate for binding. This work provides methods for preparing (di-hydrido) sulfo 1, 5 anhydro L-fucitol, as a possible inhibitor of P-selectin binding, in addition to those reported. These include; the di (di-hydrido) trisaccharide di-(hydrido) di-phosphate di-hydrate serinyl (di-hydrido) sulfo tyrosine dipeptide as well as the tri (di-hydrido) sulfo tri-hydrate 1, 5 anhydro trisaccharide alditol. Both of the latter two originate from bovine thyroglobulin and have been or will, possibly, be reported.
Abstract: P selectin is known to mediate several disease states through the binding of epitopes on the surface of endothelial cells. These diseases include cancer, cancer metastasis and inflammation. Sulfo Lewis a is a sulfated oligosaccharide could bind P selectin. A possible novel inhibitor of P-selectin binding may attenuate these diseases. One possible i...
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The Global Blue Water Use for the Dutch Diet and Associated Environmental Impact on Water Scarcity
Hollander Anne,
Vellinga Reina Elisabeth,
Valk Elias de,
Toxopeus Ido,
Kamp Mirjam van de,
Temme Elisabeth Helena Maria
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
10-18
Received:
25 November 2020
Accepted:
8 December 2020
Published:
28 January 2021
Abstract: Agriculture is responsible for around 70% of global water withdrawal, making it the largest consumer of freshwater. Globally, freshwater is a scarce resource, and there is increasing risk that current water use is crossing the planetary boundary, meaning that humanity is using more freshwater than nature can replenish. Beside the amount of water used for the production of food, also the location of water use is of importance to identify local water scarcity. In this study we determined and analyzed the blue water use for the Dutch diet. Also, we provide an indication of the the spatial distribution in water use, related to water scarcity. The blue water use per person for the average diet of the Dutch adult population aged 19-79 years as calculated in this study was 160 l/day (=57 m3/year) for men and 153 l/day (=56 m3/year) for women. Non-alcoholic beverages were the most important contributor to water use for the diet of men as well as women. Fruits were the second most important contributor to water use for the diet of women (particularly oranges, tangerines, strawberries and bananas), and the third most important for men. Meat was the second most important contributor for men (particularly chicken fillet and beef meat) and the third for women. About one third of the blue water use for the Dutch diet takes place in countries where 30 to 70 times less available water remaining per area than the world average. This means that water scarcity is relatively high in those countries compared to the world’s average. The main countries of origin of the water used for food production for the Dutch population we identified were Spain, the Netherlands itself, South Africa, Chile, India and USA. Products with ingredients from Spain are several types of greenhouse vegetables, citrus fruits and juices. To lower the environmental impact related to blue water use, for the Dutch situation we conclude that beside reducing meat and dairy consumption, consuming more Dutch fruits like apples and pears, and reducing imports of fruits and nuts from e.g. Spain, Chile and USA, are relatively easy changes that will have a positive effect on the global water scarcity impact. Also, reducing the consumption of non-alcoholic beverages like coffee, soft drinks and juices, and increasing the use of tap water, is recommended to lower the Dutch blue water use within a healthy diet.
Abstract: Agriculture is responsible for around 70% of global water withdrawal, making it the largest consumer of freshwater. Globally, freshwater is a scarce resource, and there is increasing risk that current water use is crossing the planetary boundary, meaning that humanity is using more freshwater than nature can replenish. Beside the amount of water us...
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